本书收集了首都经济贸易大学外国语学院“英语语言文学综合”2013～2015年的考研真题，且所有真题均提供详细的参考答案及解析。
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目录
2013年首都经济贸易大学912英语语言文学综合考研真题及详解
2014年首都经济贸易大学912英语语言文学综合考研真题及详解
2015年首都经济贸易大学912英语语言文学综合考研真题及详解
2013年首都经济贸易大学912英语语言文学综合考研真题及详解
Ⅰ. Explain the following terms in English (15)
1. acronyms
【答案】Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword, e.g. NATO, UNESCO. Acronyms are a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending. Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. The armed forces and government agencies frequently employ acronyms. Business and industry also are prolific coiners of acronyms. The rapid advance of science and technology in recent centuries seems to be an underlying force driving the usage, as new inventions and concepts with multiword names create a demand for shorter, more manageable names. Besides, Acronym use has been further popularized by text messaging on mobile phones with Short Message Systems.查看答案
2. componential analysis
【答案】Componential analysis, also called feature analysis or contrast analysis, is the analysis of words through structured sets of semantic features, which are given as “present”, “absent” or “indifferent with reference to feature”. The method thus departs from the principle of compositionality. Componential analysis is a method typical of structural semantics which analyzes the components of a word’s meaning. Thus, it reveals the culturally important features by which speakers of the language distinguish different words in a semantic field or domain. This is a highly valuable approach to learning another language and understanding a specific semantic domain of Ethnography.查看答案
3. overgeneralization
【答案】Overgeneralization, also called hasty generalization, is an informal fallacy of faulty generalization by reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence—essentially making a rushed conclusion without considering all of the variables. In linguistics, overgeneralization is the application of a grammatical rule in cases where it doesn’t apply. The term overgeneralization is most often used in connection with language acquisition by children. For example, a young child may say “foots” instead of “feet,” overgeneralizing the morphological rule for making plural nouns. Overgeneralization is defined as the use of previously available strategies in new situations. In second language learning some of these strategies prove helpful in organizing the facts about the second language.查看答案
Ⅱ. What are cross-associations in the second language acquisition? Illustrate the idea with examples from English or Chinese. (10)
【答案】In second language acquisition, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and understanding new facts about second language learning. However, just as the term itself suggests, second language acquisition is different from first language acquisition and the second language learners generally fail to attain native—like competence. The language they produce, which is called interlanguage (IL) or learner language, tends to become fossilized at certain level. Besides, during the process of second language acquisition, learners always make some errors and errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught，in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt. There are two kinds of errors: interlingual errors which mainly result from cross. 1inguistic interference at different levels such as phonological，lexical，grammatical or discoursal etc. and intralingual errors which mainly result from faulty or partial leaning of the target language, independent of the native language. There are learning strategies-based errors, communication strategies-based errors，induced errors，and some compound and ambiguous errors. Cross-association is a kind of intralingual error. For example, in English we sometimes may come across words which are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation are also alike. The close association of the two often leads to confusion, such as the confusion of other/another, much/many, stalagmite/stalactite in learning English words. It may also occur at all levels of language from phonological to syntactic. For example: The coffee is too hot to drink. *The apricot is too sour to eat it.查看答案
【答题思路】首先分析二语习得的特点以及与母语习得的差异，然后解释互相联想的含义，并结合英语中的具体例子进行阐释。
Ⅲ. Do you agree upon the idea that women’s linguistic behavior is more indirect and, hence, more polite than men’s? Please illustrate your view with examples. (15)
【答案】
(1) Language and gender is an interdisciplinary field of research that studies varieties of speech in terms of gender, gender relations, gendered practices, and sexuality and the studies of language and gender has been more and more an important part of sociolinguistics in recent decades because of the widely extended feminist movement around the world. It is assumed that men and women use language differently from each other and it has much to do with the social identity and some other cultural factors. There are some specific differences between the language use of men and women.
(2) The language of women is more standard than that of man. In the use of intonations: the female speakers tend to have a wider range in their intonation. And female speakers are heard to use the low-rise intonation with statements much more frequently than male speakers. In the use of certain lexical items, the word “girl” is commonly used by females to females as an address for, men would mainly use ladies. Besides, some adjectives of evaluation are used more frequently by females than by males, such as “nice”, “lovely”, “cute”, “fantastic” and also some intensifiers，such as “awfully”. In summary, female speech is less assertive and thus sounds to be more polite than male speech. Female speakers tend to use more often the question tag, such syntactic forms as “I’m afraid…”and “I’m not sure but...”.
(3) The reason for these differences in language use between male and female can be explained from the social role men and women are entitled and sometimes the cultural tradition in specific countries. We act out gender roles from a continuum of masculine and feminine characteristics; we are therefore gendered and we are involved in the process of our own gendering and the gendering of others throughout our lives. In many ways we are rehearsed into our gender roles, like being prepared for a part in a play: gender is something we do, not something we are. On the other hand, in some culture, women are not allowed to speak in front of others when her husband is speaking, which is a kind of cultural constraint on women in language use.
【答题思路】首先解释语言和性别的关系，然后结合不同性别使用语言的差异并来分析造成这种差异的原因。
Ⅳ. Cite examples from English and Chinese to show how the CP is violated in actual conversations, with reference to the concept of ‘conversational implicature’. (20)
【答案】
(1) Quite often a speaker can mean much more than what is said and the hearer can understand the speaker’s meaning. Grice believes that there must be some mechanisms governing the production and comprehension of these utterances. He argues that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. There are four maxims under this general principle: the maxim of quantity, quality, relation and manner.
(2) The use of terms “principle” and “maxim” does not mean that everybody will follow the CP and its maxims all the time. People do violate the maxims and tell lies and the violations of such maxims have given rise to the Conversational Implicature, which refers to what the speaker truly wants to imply through his speech. There are mainly three types of the conversational implicature. First, the speaker deliberately flouts a conversational maxim to convey an additional meaning not expressed literally. For instance, a speaker responds to the question “How did you like the guest lecturer?” with the following utterance: Well, I’m sure he was speaking English. If the speaker is assumed to be following the cooperative principle, in spite of flouting the maxim of relevance, then the utterance must have an additional non-literal meaning, such as: “The content of the lecturer’s speech was confusing.” Second, the speaker desires to fulfill two conflicting maxims resulting in his or her flouting one maxim to invoke the other. For instance, a speaker responds to the question “Where is John?” with the following utterance: He’s either in the cafeteria or in his office. In this case, the maxim of quantity and the maxim of quality are in conflict. A cooperative speaker does not want to be ambiguous but also does not want to give false information by giving a specific answer in spite of his uncertainty. By flouting the maxim of quantity, the speaker invokes the maxim of quality, leading to the implicature that the speaker does not have the evidence to give a specific location where he believes John is. Third, the speaker invokes a maxim as a basis for interpreting the utterance. In the following exchange: Do you know where I can get some gas? There’s a gas station around the corner. The second speaker invokes the maxim of relevance, resulting in the implicature that “the gas station is open and one can probably get gas there”.
(3) In Chinese, there are also some examples of blatantly violating the CP in order to express the conversational implicature. For example in the following dialogue: “—刚刚你去哪儿了? —就出去了一趟。” It is obviously that the second speaker violates the maxim of quantity and doesn’t answer the question by providing enough information, which may be explained by his unwillingness to tell the first speaker where
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