外贸价格和贸易术语

一、贸易术语

E组： 买方负责所有费用
EX: Ex Works 工厂交货，卖方义务最少(minimum obligation)
卖方负责出口清关则为FCA
F组： 买家负责运费，风险以买方所在国交货划分
FOB: Free On Board
卖家：港口交货，出口清关，提供商业发票、装船提单，承担港口装船交货前风险。
买家：支付货款，进口清关，托运并通知卖家，决定购买保险与否，接受单据收取货物，承担出口国港口装船交货后风险
出口美国应注意FOB Vessel才需要由卖方负责出口清关手续
FCA: Free Carrier 货交承运人，其实就是FOB的扩展，适用于任何运输方式。
卖方可协助安排运输，但费用和风险由买方负责
FAS: Free Along Ship，近似FOB，风险交接点变成船边码头或驳船靠边，而不是船舷
C组： 卖家负责运费，风险以买方所在国交货划分
CFR: Cost and Freight
卖家：港口交货，出口清关，托运并及时充分地通知买家（sufficient notice），以便买家办理保险，提供装船提单、商业发票，承担港口装船交货前风险
买家：支付货款，进口清关，决定购买保险与否，接受单据收取货物，承担出口国港口装船交货后风险
CPT: Carriage paid to 运费付至，CFR的扩展，卖家负责托运
CIF: Cost, insurance and Freight
卖家：港口交货，出口清关，托运并办理保险，提供装船提单、商业发票、保险单，承担港口装船交货前风险
买家：支付货款，进口清关，接受单据收取货物，承担出口国港口装船交货后风险
CIP: Carriage and Freight Paid to 运费、保险付至，CIF扩展，卖家负责托运和投保
D组： 卖家所在国交货，卖方负责运费，风险以卖方所在国交货划分
DAF: Delivered At Frontier，边境交货，买方负责托运和投保，承担货物交接后风险
DES: Delivered Ex Ship，目的港船上交货，卖方负责到达目的港前一切费用和风险，
卖方负责进口清关，也叫EXS
DEQ: Delivered Ex Quay，DES变型，目的港码头交货
卖方负责码头上交货前一切费用和风险，也叫EXQ
DDU: Delivered Duty Unpaid，未完税交货，DEQ的扩展，适合任何运输方式
DDP: Delivered Duty Paid，完税交货，卖家负责进出口清关，交货前一切费用和风险，
卖方义务最多maximum obligation

二、佣金和折扣的计算
Price including commission US$335 per metric ton CIF New York including 2% commission
US $ 300 per metric ton CIFC2% New York 每公吨335美元CIF2%纽约
US $ 300 per metric ton FOB Shanghai less 2% discount 每公吨FOB上海减折扣2%
US $ 300 per metric ton FOB Shanghai net 每公吨300美元FOB 上海净价

货物交付
一、关键概念
Time of delivery 交货时间 F和C组术语条件下，两者是一致的；
Time of shipment 装运时间 由于推定交货和实际交货的区别，两者最好还是区别使用
Constructive Delivery 推定交货
Actual Delivery 实际交货
Port of Shipment 装运港，可一个或多个，具名或只注范围，如China Port
Port of Destination 目的港，对卖方而言，最好比较确定、可行
Partial Shipment 分批装运分批装运 shipment by instalments
Transshipment 转运

二、装运条款
Shipment during Oct. /Nov. 2009 with partial shipments and transshipments allowed
Shipment at or before/ no later than the end of June
Shipment: one 40’ container from China port to New York, USA on or before Apr. 20th
Shipment within 60 days after receipt of L/C这种条款一般同时也需要规定L/C到达期限
The Buyers must open the relevant L/C to reach the Sellers before June 20th
During Mar./Apr. in two equal lots/shipments, transshipment is prohibited
Shipment during May from Shanghai to London. The sellers shall advise the Buyers 45 days before the month of shipment of the time the goods be ready for shipment. Partial shipment is prohibited, to be transshipped at Hong Kong

[1] [2]