Unit 1 Use of Words 1
n1 Types of Words 3
n2 Use of Proper Words in Proper Places 7
n3 Further-13ps for the Selection of Words 9
n4 Formation of English Words 1 6
nExercises 1 8
nUnit 2 The Making of Sentences 23
n1 Basic Elements 0f a Sentence 25
n2 Types of Sentences 25
n3 Effective Sentences 31
nExercises 40
nUnit 3 Writing Effective Sentences 45
n1 Coordination 47
n2 Subordination 52
n3 Variety 0f Sentence Patterns 57
nExercises 60
nUnit 4 The Paragraph(1):The Major Elements of a Good Paragraph 65
n1 Unity 67
n2 Coherence 70
n3 Focus 78
n4 Completeness 81
n5 Brevity 84
nExercises 86
nUnit 5 The Paragraph(2):The Paragraph Structure and Types 91
n1 Three Parts of the Paragraph 93
n2 Types of Pragraphs105
nExercises 113
nUnit 6 The Paragraph(3):The Development of the Paragraph 119
n1 Planning a Paragraph 121
n2 Developing a Paragraph by-Iqme 123
n3 Developing a Paragraph by Space 125
n4 Developing a Paragraph by Process 128
n5 Developing a Paragraph by Citing Statistics 131
n6 Developing a Paragraph by Comparison and Contrast 133
n7 Developing a Paragraph by Exemplification 135
n8 Developing a Paragraph by Cause and Effect 137
n9 Development by Definition 139
n10 Development by Classification 141
nExercises 143
nUnit 7 The Basic Steps of Writing an Essay 149
n1 Getting Started and Selecting a Topic 151
n2 Narrowing Down the Topic and Writing a Thesis Statement 152
n3 Outlining 154
n4 Writing the First Draft 157
n5 Revising and Editing 162
nExercises 1 64
nUnit 8 Narration 167
n1 Definition 1 69
n2 Basic Elements of Narration 1 70
n3 Types of Narration 170
n4 Tips for Narrative Writing 175
nExercises 182
nUnit 9 Description 185
n1 Definition 187
n2 Basic Elements of Description 187
n3 Basic Types of Description 188
n4 Tips for Writing Descriptions 194
nExercises 195
nUnit 10 Exposition (1):Definition 201
n1 Definition of Exposition 203
n2 Basic Elements of Exposition 203
n3 Types of Techniques Used in Expository Writing 204
n4 Types of Definition204
nExercises 210
nUnit 1 1 Exposition(2):
nClassification and Division 217
n1 Definitions of Classification and Division 21 9
n2 Basic Elements of Classification and Division 222
n3 Principles of Classification and Division 223
nExercises 228
nUnit 12 Exposition (3):Illustration 231
n1 Definition 233
n2 Types of I llustration 233
n3 Basic Elements of Illustration 238
n4 Tips for Using Illustration 238
nExercises 239
nUnit 13 Ixposition(4):Comparison and Contrast 245
n1 Definition 247
n2 Purpose of Writing Comparison and Contrast 247
n3 Pattem of Comparison and Contrast 248
n4 Tips of Writing Comparison and Contrast 252
nExercises 256
nUnit 14 Exposition(5):Cause and Effect 259
n1 Definition 261
n2 Basic Types of Cause-and-effect Pattern 262
n3 Tips of Writing Cause-and-effect Essay 264
nExercises 267
n一Unit 15 Argumentation 271
n1 Definition 273
n2 Basic Elements of Argumentation 273
n3 Principles of
nArgumentative Writing 274
n4 How to Organise an Argument 274
nExercises 279
nUnit16 Practical Writing(1):
nGreetings,Formal Invitations and Personal Letters 289
n1 Greetings and FOrmaI Invitations 291
n2 Personal Letters 295
nExercises 310
nUnit17 Practical Writing(2):
nNotes and Letters of Application and Resume 313
n1 Notes 315
n2 Letters of Application 322
n3 RSsum5 327
nExercises 331
nUnit 18 Summary Writing 333
n1 Definition 335
n2 The Purpose of a Summary 335
n3 Elements of a Good Summary 336
n4 The Basic Steps of Writing a Summary 338
nExercises 346
nUnit19 Figures of Speech 351
n1 Simile 353
n2 Metaphor 354
n3 PersOnu2026cation 354
n4 Metonymy 355
n5 Hyperbole 356
n6 Understatement 356
n7 Euphemism 357
n8 Irony 358
n9 AIliteration 358
n1 0 Synecdoche 359
n1 1 Onomatopoeia 359
n1 2 Antithesis 360
n1 3 Parallelism 361
n14 Oxymoron 361
n15 Pun 362
nExercises 363
nUnit 20 Punctuation 365
n1 The Comma 367
n2 The Period 369
n3 The Semicolon 369
n4 111e Colon 371
n5 Quotation Marks 371
n6 The Question Mark 373
n7 111e Exclamation Mark 373
n8 Parentheses and Brackets 373
n9 The Dash 374
n10 Italics and Underlining 375
nExercises 375
nKeys 377